a. Personnel
Human operators are one of the primary sources of contamination in cleanrooms. Microorganisms from skin, hair, and respiratory droplets can easily enter the controlled environment. Improper gowning or failure to follow protocol exacerbates the issue.
b. Airflow Systems
Airborne particles containing microorganisms are another significant source of contamination. Insufficient or poorly maintained HEPA filters, improper airflow design, or leaks in air handling units can compromise air quality.
c. Materials and Equipment
Equipment and materials brought into cleanrooms can introduce contaminants. Without proper sterilization or disinfection, items like tools, raw materials, and packaging can harbor microorganisms.
d. Facility Surfaces
Walls, floors, ceilings, and other surfaces can accumulate dust, moisture, or biofilms, providing a breeding ground for microorganisms if not cleaned regularly and properly.
e. Environmental Factors
Temperature, humidity, and other environmental factors can contribute to microbial growth. Condensation from HVAC systems or improper humidity control can create conditions favorable for contamination.